Shape Security Profile Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shape Security Profile - Research Paper Example Shape Security business strategies include diversification of product line through internal and external funding. For example, in 2014, the company allocated $40 million in funding (Ingrid, 2014). In this way, it was able to expand its products to include website hosting, high-speed internet, domain registration and email hosting among other. Shape Security target customers include banks, firms using ecommerce, healthcare organizations, cyber cafes and individuals using different websites among other users. Given the extensive use of internet globally, the company customer base will increase in future. This implies that by creating a strong promotion and more advertising, the company sales will ultimately increase. As the need for marketing in order to expand the customer base increases, firms have noted the importance of value proposition. For the case of Shape Security, innovation has been the key pillar in its brand improvement (Maranville, 1992). The company value proposition is that automation is at the heart of every botnet. In this way, customers are guaranteed of the value and capability of the ShapeShifter in dealing with the attacks. As the competition in the technology industry increases, more firms still are joining the sector due to the high profits enjoyed by firms. ShapeSecurity main competitors include Invincea, Crowdstrike and Defense.net. The enterprise was given the brand name Shape Security in 2011 when it was founded by Sumit Agarwal, Justin Call and Derek Smith. To ensure that potential customers are not confused or fail to differentiate the company brands from those of the competitors, Shape Security has a website- http://shapesecurity.com. The company operations are in line with US IP laws and thus competitors are prevented from producing brands that are the same like those of Shape Security. Shape Security enjoys the support of various investors. For example, Sierra Ventures, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and

Crime Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Crime - Case Study Example In 1991, 35.7% of students in high school in the US were involved in physical fights and violations (Mass General Hospital for Children, â€Å"Violence Committed by Adolescents†). Thus, the incident which took place in the Gigantic State University can be stated as a crime. Negligence There was a negligence involved in the case from both the parties. The rise of tuition fees had resulted in violation among the students. The university could have negotiated with the Members of Students for Fair Tuition (SFT) regarding the tuition fees and the students should not have entered the President’s building by breaking the law. Laws and Rights The students broke the laws and rights of the university by taking such a violent step. They violently entered the President’s building and caused damage. Thus, the general civil laws were violated that prevents any person from causing any physical or mental damage to human beings as well as property. They also uttered bad words to the President. They were attempting to attack the President but were not successful to attack him and instead they threatened Prudence Pimply, the secretary. People Liable for Damages Students and University both were liable for the damage caused. If the university would not have raised the tuition fees suddenly, then such situation would not have cropped up. The mental damage was caused to the secretary of the president. She was not involved in this case but became a victim. Moreover, the rising tuition fees also caused physical and mental damage to the students of the university. Tort Liability and Exploration of Assault, Battery, Infliction of Emotional Distress and False Imprisonment A tort is considered as a complex legal concept that transcends to a wrong which may be restored that may not be criminal (governmental) or contractual (private) in its existence (University of South Florida, â€Å"Tort Liability†). The touching of one person without the consent of him or her with an intention to harm others is referred as assault. An assault might be committed without the assistance of battery and battery can be occurred without the help of assault. Battery means striking a person from behind without the consent of a person (Duhaime org, â€Å"Assault Definition†). Infliction of emotional distress is the cruel and disgraceful causation of extreme emotional distress. There are four planned infliction related to emotional distress. The conduct may be intentional, it can be severe and outrageous, causal association may be there between illegal conduct along with emotional distress. In addition, the emotional distress can be severe (Duhaime org, â€Å"Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Definition†). False imprisonment relates to ‘intentional as well as complete imprisonment of a person against his or her will and without lawful justification’. The activities of false imprisonment will lie where a person is inappropriate ly detained. Moreover, little force is associated with detention (Duhaime org, False Imprisonment Definition†). In this incident, primarily infliction of emotional distress was caused to Prudence Pimply by the protesting members. 2.0 Case 2 Negligence Negligence takes place when the activities of both parties fail to perform effectively. When each party has certain state of negligence, accident takes place. In this case, Steve Simple was sent to climb the tower for painting, but tremendous thunderstorm had exposed him to a great danger of being hit by

The Devil in Young Goodman Brown And Rappaccinis Daughter :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Devil in Young Goodman Brown And Rappacini's Daughter In Puritan Massachusetts the key word was suspicion. In order to be accepted, by the community, you had to be a member of the "elect," destined for a spot in the eternity of heaven. In order to be member of this elite group of "selected" individuals you had to be free of sin and evil. It goes without saying, that you could never be caught conjuring the devil, as is illustrated by the horrors of the infamous Salem witch trials. In Young Goodman Brown, and Rappacini's Daughter Nathaniel Hawthorne portrays two different ways of soliciting or being solicited by the devil. The final scenes in both of these stories although similar in nature, are actually conflicting in essence, and show the two adverse ways in which people and evil can become one. In Young Goodman Brown, the protagonist, Goodman Brown goes off on a typical search for the devil. The devil is associated with darkness and terror, a creature only to be sought after while enveloped in the darkness of the night. As Goodman Brown himself replies to Faith's longing for him to wait until morning to embark on his journey, "My journey needst be done twixt now and sunrise" (611). Goodman Brown knows exactly what he is going to look for, he is searching for evil. He goes to the forest to do his deed and "he had taken a dreary road darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest" to get there(611). Goodman Brown is willingly seeking the devil, and Hawthorne is throwing in all the stereotypes. This entire search for the devil is portrayed as being very ugly. What then is pretty? In Young Goodman Brown beauty equals inherent goodness, or Faith. Young Goodman Brown separates from this righteousness, for evil. From the beginning, he was leaving, at least for the time being, Faith behind. "And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the soft ribbons of her cap" (610). The beauty of faith and her pink ribbons are left behind, his intentions are obvious. In Rappacini's Daughter Giovanni does none of this. He never went out searching

Capital Punishment: Death Penalty Essay

The word â€Å"Death† itself scares a lot of people, but to get death penalty as one of their punishments sounds really terrifying and grows lots of questions and opinions. Death Penalty has been one of the most controversial social matters, since the early colonization period, in the United States. Whether it serves as a justified form of capital punishment or takes innocent peoples life, death penalty has continually produced a steaming debate. Death Penalty has a long history, starting the eighteen century B.C., when the first death penalty was established during the Babylon era (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). But, death penalty was already carried out during the early fourteenth century and the seventh century. During this time period, death penalty was the answer to all the crimes committed. Several methods of death penalty during the early century were beating to death, execution, burning alive, drowning and etc. (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012) . It was the most usual form of punishment that had no laws or regulations placed on them. Britain’s Colonization in the United States in the 1600’s brought several changes as well as the idea of death penalty. Death penalty was one of the most practiced forms of punishment during the colonization period. Captain Kendall, from Jamestown colony in Virginia was the first one to be executed in early 1600 (ACKER, 2003). Many believed that captain Kendall was a spy for Spain. During the Colonial Period, death penalty was implemented for minor offenses such as stealing, killing chickens and etc. As history explains how effective the death penalty was carried out, today’s society reflects a different perspective and mixed opinions about the issue of death penalty. The issue of death penalty reveals both positive and negative perception. Some extremist still believe that death penalty remains an effective method of punishment, whereas many other argue that it is immoral, u nconstitutional, expensive and doesn’t deter the crime. Extremist supportive of capital punishment might argue that death penalty is the only answer to higher offenses such as murder, rape and such. Likewise someone against the idea of capital punishment might think it is immoral to execute someone and to take someone’s life for the crime they did is not rational.  This argument will always keep on moving and we will never reach a definite opinion, where death penalty is still carried out in our country. Britain’s colonization introduced the idea of death penalty to Americans, but during the late 18th century, many Americans began to question whether the death penalty should still be imposed on minor crimes such as stealing, burglary. The colonies also found influential opinions in newspapers and other writings about death penalty. Cesare Beccaria’s Essay on Crimes and Punishment in 1764 influenced many Europeans and Americans (Banner, 2003). The essay brought positive attributes about the death penalty towards the Americans and changed they mentality towards the death penalty. As a result, several European nations abolish death penalty. American intellect uals such as Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin were also influenced by the writing of Beccaria. The executed the ideas mentioned in the writing and implemented several laws and regulation on death penalty. Pennsylvania was the first state to abolish death penalty for robbery, burglary and killing of animals (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Several years later, Pennsylvania also cancelled death penalty for every other offense except first degree murder. The abolishment movement in Pennsylvania led to several states to reconsider capital punishment. In 1846, Michigan, Rhode Island and Wisconsin abolished the death penalty for all crimes, except treason (Bohm, 1999). American abolition movement was gaining major support during the late eighteenth century, but there were several other states, still practicing capital punishment and implementing more capital offenses, especially for the slaves. During the movement, nine states abolished the death penalty for all crimes or placed strict limitation on it. (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012) The early and mid-nineteenth century saw decline in American abolition movement due to World War 1. During this period, there was a rise of Russian Revolution and Fascism. Americans were more worried about the threat of Russian Revolution and had just entered the war. The war created a social class conflicts, as many socialist were more worried about the challenge to capitalism. Due to the increasing revolution in Russian and capitalism, several states reinstated the death penalty by 1920 (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). In 1924, Nevada introduced the use of cyanide gas to execute its inmate. Gee Jon was the first person executed by lethal gas (Center, History  of the Death Penalty, 2012). During the 1930’s execution rate hit its highest peak in American History, averaging 167 a year (Bohm, 1999). After the war and revolution, many European nations abolished the death penalty and as a result, Americans diverted their attentions towards capital punishment. In 1966, support for capital punishment reached an all-time low. A Gallup poll showed support for the death penalty at only 42% (Bohm, 1999). There have been a numerous cases regarding death penalty, which has contributed enormously, on how death penalty is viewed constitutionally in the Supreme Court. The first Supreme Court case was a case about federal kidnapping statue requiring that the death penalty be imposed only upon a recommendation of a jury. It was a case between U.S. v. Jackson in 1968, where the court held that this practice was unconstitutional (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Similarly, one of the most landmark cases in death penalty history was a case between. Where the Supreme Court effectively voids 40 death penalty cases and suspends the death penalty in June, 1972. Years later, there were lots of talks about, how Furman v. Georgia states that only specific death penalty was unconstitutional (Union, 2011). After much debate, the U.S. Supreme Court ope ns the door to states to rewrite their death penalty statue. Many states started writing a sentencing guideline for the judge and jury when deciding whether to impose death penalty. The Supreme Court approved most of the guidelines in 1976 in Gregg v. Georgia and reinstated death penalty in Florida, Georgia and Texas (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Several other cases have laid a foundation for death penalty laws and statue. In Ford v. Wainwright (1986), the Supreme Court stated that execution of an insane, mentally challenged person is unconstitutional therefore this practice was banned (Union, 2011). Likewise, another case of Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988) stated that execution of offenders age fifteen and younger at the time of other crimes is unconstitutional (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Since its re-instatement to the constitution, there have been quite a few states pushing to end capital punishment. New York’s death penalty law was declared unconstitutional by the state’s high court in June 2004 (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Also, New Jersey became the first state to legislatively abolish capital punishment since it was re-instated in 1976 (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Even though, the Supreme Court  states that the death penalty is constitutional under certain circumstances, many states have all the rights to rewrite their death penalty law. To every issue, we always come up with an argument or sometimes we agree with the decision we make. Likewise, we might have majority of people stating that the death penalty is constitutional and will deter crime in a long run. But, many people believe that death penalty isn’t that answer to deter crime and it’s unconstitutional to someone’s life. We have had lots of statistics and useful information, which supports both arguments. Since, reinstating the death penalty, many have argued that the death penalty kills innocent people. Many people believe that the criminal justice system and the legal procedure system of this country aren’t effective enough. According to ACLU, â€Å"Since 1973, 138 death row prisoners have been released because they were innocent.† That number s ounds really excruciating and explains how death penalty is really not the answer. At least 10 people have been executed since 1976, even though they were innocent. Much has to do with wrongful evidence, false confession, mistaken eyewitness and such, American Civil Liberties Union explains that death penalty is racially biased and punishes the poor. Most defendants are poor and cannot afford qualified attorney to oversee their case. As a result, the defendant pleads guilty, thinking it would get them out of death penalty. Many believe that death penalty is much more expensive that life without parole because death penalty requires long and complex judicial process. According to NBER, the extra cost of capital trials was &1.6 million from 1982-1997. The recent study by the Urban Institute predicted that the lifetime cost to taxpayers for the capitally prosecuted cases in Maryland since 1978 will be $186 million (Costs of the Death Penalty, 2011). Since the state reinstated the death penalty, there have been five executions taken place. Mathematically, the cost of every execution was about $32 million. As the numbers explain how death penalty is much more expensive, that amount could have been utilized in different sectors of infrastructure rather than death penalty. California is another state with higher death penalty cost. Since 1978, the average cost of death penalty in California has been over $4 billion (Ellis, 2011). California’s Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice reported that out of the $4 billion, pretrial and trails cost about $1.94 billion and the cost of incarceration is $1 billion. California has conducted 1.940 capital  cases, with every case estimated to be around $1 million (Center, THE DEATH PENALTY IN 2011:YEAR END REPORT, 2011). There has been numerous capital cases in New Jersey resulted in death penalty. Since the state reinstated the death penalty in 1982, it has spent #253.3 million in death penalty cases. Besides Maryland, California and New Jersey, other states such as Kansas estimated that the cost of death penalty case in 70% more than comparable non-death penalty case (Costs of the Death Penalty, 2011). When it comes to execution, every inmate on a death row is offered to pick their choice of execution. There is no limit placed on type of execution that can be performed with lethal injection to firing squad. Electrocution, gas chamber and hanging are other three methods of execution offered to an inmate depending on the state’s legation. New York was the first state to consider lethal injection in 1888 (Stewart, 2011). Today about 35 states use this method of execution. During lethal injection, the inmate is injected with sodium thiopental, which puts inmate to sleep. Next, Pancuronium bromide is injected which paralyzes the entire muscular system and the inmate stops breathing. Finally, the flow of potassium chloride stops breathing. Charles Brooks of New York was the first person to be executed by lethal injection. After the invention of lethal injection, New York wanted to introduce something more humane to execute the inmate. As a result, Electrocution was introduced by New York in 1888 and years later executed William Kemmler in 1890 (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). The electric chair execution requires the person to be seated in the chair with belts around his chest, legs and arms. A metal skullcap electrode is attached to the scalp and forehead. After every tool has been connected to the person, a jolt of between 50 and 200 volts is given to the person. This process continues until the person is dead. Today, only Nebraska uses electric chair as the sole method of execution, while 9 other states provide as an alternative method (Stewart, 2011). Another method of execution is the gas chamber, which was introduced in 1924 in Nevada (ACKER, 2003). For execution by this method, the person is tied to a chair in a chamber. As instructed, the executioner flicks a leveler that releases crystals of sodium cyanide into the pail, situated below the chair. This causes a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen cyanide gas. Arizona, California, Missouri and Wyoming currently authorizes gas chamber as a method of  execution. In recent history only two inmates have been executed by firing squad, both in Utah: Gary Gilmore (1977) and John Albert Taylor (1996) (Stewart, 2011). Depending upon the choice of the inmate, only 3 states, Idaho, Utah and Oklahoma currently use Firing squad a method of execution. For this type of execution, the inmate is placed on a chair with belts around him and a black hood to cover his head. A doctor marks a white target spot around his heart, where the executioner from 20 feet away tries to aim the spot, resulting in execution of the inmate. Hanging was the primary method of execution used in the United States and is still used in Delaware and Washington, although both have lethal injection as an alternative method of execution (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Before the execution, the prisoner’s hands and legs are secured, and the prisoner is blindfolded, and the noose is placed around the neck, with the knot behind the left ear. The execution takes place when the trap door is opened and the prisoner falls down. The prisoner’s weight should cause a rapid fracture-dislocation of the neck. Currently, Delaware, New Hampshire and Washington are the only three states still using hanging as a method of execution, alternative to lethal injection, depending upon the choice of the inmate (Stewart, 2011). Compared to the early eighteenth and nineteenth century, death penalty is still practiced in the United States but the public support is diminishing. A majority of the U.S. public now prefers alternatives over the death penalty as the best punishment for the crime of murder. Compared to 98 execution in 1999 and 37 in 2008, executions have declined as well. In 2010, there were only 46 executions and 43 in 2011 (Center, THE DEATH PENALTY IN 2011:YEAR END REPORT, 2011). Death sentences have also declined sharply since 1990’s. There were only 78 death sentences in 2011, a decline of about 75%, compared to 315 death sentences in 1996.Compared to 47 death sentences in 1999; Texas had a massive drop to only 8 death sentences in 2011. California, the state with the largest death row had more than half death sentences this year- only 10 compared with 24 in 2010 (Center, THE DEATH PENALTY IN 2011:YEAR END REPORT, 2011). According to Gallup poll in 2011, 61% of the total population favors death  penalty. Even though, more than half of the citizens think death penalty should be continued, there have been continuous developments in the banning of capital punishment (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Many states are trying to replace death penalty with other form of punishment. In March 2009, Governor Bill Richardson signed legislation to abolish the death penalty in New Mexico, replacing it with life without parole. Two years later, Governor Pat Quinn from Illinois also signed legislation in March 2011, replacing death penalty with life without parole (ACKER, 2003). Also four other states in the past four years have already abandoned the death penalty altogether. Personally, the death penalty law in the United States should be abolished, in consideration to its expensive cost and wrong convictions to innocent person. Abolishing death penalty or replacing it with other punishment would only bring positive incentives to the community. Resources spent on death penalty can be used to expand the resources available for education, rehabilitation program, and drug treatment program and crime prevention. The death penalty is a scary theory for a lot of Americans. People who are convicted of crimes they have not committed have always shown in large numbers. That is why people feel that morally, the death penalty is too harsh, even if you find new evidence in a crime, and are able to free a wrongly convicted person, if you use the death penalty, then you can just bring that person back to life. Like all other politically debated topics, it is difficult to find a middle ground for people to rely upon. As for today, states are making it more and more difficult to keep the death penalty instated. Bibliography Costs of the Death Penalty. (2011). Retrieved from Death Penalty Information Center: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/costs-death-penalty ACKER, J. R. (2003). THE DEATH PENALTY: AN AMERICAN HISTORY. Retrieved 2012, from The University of Hawaii System: http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/The%20Death%20Penalty%20%20An%20American%20History.pdf Banner, S. (2003). The Death Penalty: An American History. Harvard University Press. Bohm, R. M. (1999). Deathquest:an introduction to the theory and practice of capital punishment in the United States. Anderson Publication Company. Center, D. P. (2011, December). THE DEATH PENALTY IN

Prenatal Care For Young Women Essay - 1082 Words

Prenatal Care for Young Women Most young mothers are worried about a number of new changes that will impact them socially, physically and emotionally. Prenatal care can be neglected due to an unexpected pregnancy, not being educated on what to do, or not having resources to get care. Prenatal care is very important to a child’s early development. Prenatal care can mean several things like cutting back on caffeine and stopping smoking. It can also mean soon after conception beginning to care for yourself and the baby as well as starting to schedule regular checkups with a doctor. Healthy People 2020 wants to help mothers, infants and children achieve optimal preconception health, and interconception health. The main goal is reducing the infant mortality rate and preterm births. In order to achieve this, it is important that mothers are educated on how to take care of their body and their growing baby. â€Å"Preconception (before pregnancy) and interconception (between pregnancies) care provide an opportunity to identify existing health risks and to prevent health problems for women and their children. These problems include heart disease, diabetes, genetic conditions, sexually transmitted diseases and unhealthy weight† (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2016). According to the CDC (2016), teen pregnancy in the United States is not as large of a problem as it had been between 1990 and 2008. Teen pregnancy is isolated in females ages 15-19. Ideally women shouldShow MoreRelatedThe Birth Of Preterm Births Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesB elief Model may have a positive impact on maternal care and prevent premature birth. 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Everything You Need to Know About Adobe

Adobe is essentially a dried mud brick, combining the natural elements of earth, water, and sun. It is an ancient building material usually made with tightly compacted sand, clay, and straw or grass mixed with moisture, formed into bricks, and naturally dried or baked in the sun without an oven or kiln. In the United States adobe is most prevalent in the hot, arid Southwest. Although the word is often used to describe an architectural style—adobe architecture—adobe is actually a building material.  Adobe bricks have been used around the world, including near the muddy river areas of ancient Egypt and the ancient architecture of the Middle East. It is used today but also found in primitive architecture: mud bricks were used even before the grand ancient stone temples of Greece and Rome. Construction methods and the composition of adobe—the recipe—vary according to climate, local customs, and the historical era. Adobes strength and resilience vary with its water content: too much water weakens the brick. Todays adobe is sometimes made with an asphalt emulsion added to help with waterproofing properties. A mixture of Portland cement and lime may also be added. In parts of Latin America, fermented cactus juice is used for waterproofing. Although the material itself is naturally unstable, an adobe wall can be load bearing, self-sustaining, and naturally energy efficient. Adobe walls are often thick, forming a natural insulation from the environmental heat that creates and sustains the material. Todays commercial adobe is sometimes kiln-dried, although purists may call these clay bricks. Traditional adobe bricks need about a month of drying in the sun before they can be used. If the brick is mechanically compressed, the adobe mixture needs less moisture and the bricks can be used almost immediately, although purists may call these compressed earth bricks. About the Word Adobe In the United States, the word adobe is said with the accent on the second syllable and the last letter pronounced, as in ah-DOE-bee. Unlike many architecture words, adobe does not originate in Greece or Italy. It is a Spanish word that does not originate in Spain. Meaning the brick, the phrase at-tuba comes from Arabic and Egyptian languages.  As Muslims migrated across northern Africa and into the Iberian Peninsula, the phrase was transformed into a Spanish word after the eighth century CE. The word entered our English language through the colonization of America by Spain after the 15th century. The word is widely used in the southwestern United States and Spanish speaking countries. Like the building material itself, the word is ancient, going back to the creation of language—derivations of the word have been seen in ancient hieroglyphics. Materials Similar to Adobe Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) resemble adobe, except they usually do not contain straw or asphalt, and they generally are more uniform in size and shape. When adobe is NOT formed into bricks, its called puddled adobe, and is used like the mud material in cob houses. The material is mixed and then thrown in lumps to gradually create an earthen wall, where the mixture dries in place. In the Natural Building Blog, Dr. Owen Geiger,  Director of the Geiger Research Institute of Sustainable Building, contends that Native Americans used puddled adobe before the Spanish introduced adobe brick-making methods. Preservation of Adobe Adobe is resilient if well-maintained. One of the oldest known structures in the U.S. is made from adobe bricks, the San Miguel Mission in Santa Fe, New Mexico, built between 1610–1628. Preservationists at the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior provide guidance on historic preservation, and their Preservation of Historic Adobe Buildings (Preservation Brief 5) published in August 1978 has been the gold standard for keeping this building material maintained. Constant monitoring of deterioration sources, including the breakdown of mechanical systems like leaky plumbing, is the most important part of maintaining an adobe structure. It is the nature of adobe buildings to deteriorate, we are told in Preservation Brief 5, so careful observation of subtle changes and performing maintenance on a regular basis is a policy which cannot be over emphasized. Problems usually have more than one source, but the most common are (1) poor building, design, and engineering techniques; (2) too much rainwater, ground water, or watering of surrounding vegetation; (3) wind erosion from windblown sand; (4) plants taking root or birds and insects living within the adobe walls; and (5) previous repairs with incompatible building materials. Traditional Methods of Construction To maintain historic and traditional adobe, its best to know traditional methods of construction so that repairs can be compatible. For example, true adobe bricks must be assembled with a mud mortar of properties similar to the adobe. You cant use cement mortar because its too hard  Ã¢â‚¬â€ that is, the mortars cannot be stronger than the adobe brick, according to preservationists. Foundations are often constructed of masonry red brick or stone. Adobe walls are load-bearing and thick, sometimes braced with buttresses. Roofs are usually wooden and laid flat, with horizontal rafters covered with other materials. The familiar vigas projecting through the adobe walls are really the timber parts of the roof. Traditionally, the roof was used as additional living space, which is why wooden ladders are often propped up alongside an adobe home. After the railroads enabled the transport of building materials to the American Southwest, other roof types (e.g., hipped roofs) began to appear atop adobe brick buildings. Adobe brick walls, once in place, are usually protected by applying a variety of substances. Before an exterior siding is applied, some contractors may spray on insulation for added thermal protection—a dubious practice in the long term if it allows the bricks to retain moisture. Since adobe is an ancient building method, traditional surface coatings may include substances that seem odd to us today, such as fresh animal blood. More common sidings include: mud plaster, a mixture of elements the same as the adobe brick mixturelime plaster, a mixture containing lime, which is harder than mud, but more prone to crackingwhitewash, a mixture preservationists describe as ground gypsum rock, water, and claystucco, a relatively new form of siding for naturally dried adobe bricks—cement stucco does not stick to traditional adobe bricks, so wire mesh must be used Like all architecture, construction materials and methods of building have a shelf-life. Eventually, adobe bricks, surface coverings, and/or roofing deteriorate and must be repaired. Preservationists recommend following these general rules: Unless youre a professional, dont try to fix it yourself. Patching and repairing adobe bricks, mortar, rotting or insect-ridden wood, roofs, and surfacing agents should be handled by seasoned professionals, who will know to use matching construction materials.Repair any problem sources before beginning anything else.For repairs, use the same materials and building methods that were used to build the original structure. The problems created by introducing dissimilar replacement materials may cause problems far exceeding those which deteriorated the adobe in the first place, preservationists warn. Adobe is a formed-earth material, a little stronger perhaps than the soil itself, but a material whose nature is to deteriorate. The preservation of historic adobe buildings, then, is a broader and more complex problem than most people realize. The propensity of adobe to deteriorate is a natural, ongoing process....Competent preservation and maintenance of historic adobe buildings in the American Southwest must (1) accept the adobe material and its natural deterioration, (2) understand the building as a system, and (3) understand the forces of nature which seek to return the building to its original state. — National Park Service, Preservation Brief 5 Adobe Is Not Software Since the first Earth Day, people from all walks of life have found a calling advocating for natural building methods that will help save the earth. Earth-based products are naturally sustainable—you are building with the materials that surround you—and energy efficient. The folks at Adobe is not Software are just one of many groups in the Southwest devoted to promoting the benefits of adobe construction through training. They offer hands-on workshops on both making adobe and building with adobe. Adobe is more than software even in the high-tech world of southern California. Most of the largest commercial manufacturers of adobe brick are in the American Southwest. Both Arizona Adobe Company and the San Tan AdobeCompany are located in Arizona, a state rich in the raw materials needed to manufacture the building material. New Mexico Earth Adobes has been producing traditionally made bricks since 1972. Shipping costs can be more than product costs, however, which is why architecture made with adobe is mostly found in this region. It takes thousands of adobe bricks to construct a modest-sized home. Although adobe is an ancient method of construction, most building codes tend to focus on post-industrial processes. A traditional building method like building with adobe has become non-traditional in todays world. Some organizations are trying to change that. The Earthbuilders’ Guild, Adobe in Action, and the international conference called Earth USA help keep the mixtures baking in the heat of the sun and not in ovens run by fossil fuels. Adobe in Architecture: Visual Elements Pueblo Style and Pueblo Revival: Adobe construction is most closely associated with what is called Pueblo architecture. A pueblo is in fact a community of people, a Spanish word from the Latin word populus. The Spanish settlers combined their knowledge with the terraced communities occupied by the people already living in the area, the  indigenous people of the Americas. Monterey Style and Monterey Revival: When Monterey, California was an important seaport in the early 1800s, the population centers of the new country called the United States were in the East. When New Englanders like Thomas Oliver Larkin and John Rogers Cooper moved West, they took with them ideas of home and combined them with local customs of adobe construction. Larkins 1835 home in Monterey, which set the standard for the Monterey Colonial Style, exemplifies this fact of architecture, that design is often a mixture of features from different places. Mission and Mission Revival: When the Spanish colonized the Americas, they brought the Roman Catholic religion. The Catholic-built missions became symbols of a new way in a new world. Mission San Xavier Del Bac near Tucson, Arizona was built in the 18th century, when this territory was still part of the Spanish empire. Its original adobe brick has been repaired with low-fired clay brick. Spanish Colonial and Spanish Colonial Revival: Spanish style homes in the New World are not necessarily constructed with adobe. The only true Spanish colonial homes in the United States are the ones that were built during the long Spanish occupation from the 16th to 19th centuries. Homes from the 20th and 21st centuries are said to revive the style of the Spanish homeland. However, the traditional construction of a house in the medieval town of Calataà ±azor, Spain shows how this method of construction moved from Europe to America—the stone foundation, the overhanging roof, the timber beams for support, the adobe bricks, all ultimately hidden by a surface coating that defines the architectural style. Sources Preservation of Historic Adobe Buildings, Preservation Brief 5, National Park Service Publication, August 1978, https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/5-adobe-buildings.htm and PDF at https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/preservedocs/preservation-briefs/05Preserve-Brief-Adobe.pdfSan Xavier del Bac, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/tuma/learn/historyculture/san-xavier-del-bac.htm and https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/San_Xavier_del_Bac_Mission.html [accessed February 8, 2018]A Brief History of Mission San Xavier del Bac, http://www.sanxaviermission.org/History.html [accessed February 8, 2018]Photo Credits: Adobe Pueblo in Taos, New Mexico, Rob Atkins/Getty Images; Thomas Oliver Larkin House, Ed Bierman via flickr.com, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0); Calataà ±azor, Spain house, Cristina Arias/Getty Images (cropped); Mission San Xavier Del Bac,Robert Alexander/Getty Images (cropped)

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